Articles Posted in Corporations

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AdobeStock_190612024-300x200Once you have started your own business, one of the first decisions you must make is choosing the form in which you want to conduct your business – whether as a sole proprietorship (or partnership, in case of more than one founder) or by organizing your business in an entity form. Your choice will lay the foundations for your business and guide tax efficiencies, liability exposure, administrative ease, attractiveness to investors, and therefore, your ability to scale. Also, choosing a form that best fits your needs helps avert disputes and prevent misunderstanding among the stakeholders by defining their ownership, roles, and duties in the business.

Whether your business should be organized as a corporation, partnership, limited liability company (“LLC”) or a sole proprietorship, depends on various factors including your goals for the business, whether you intend to raise outside capital, whether your business will be a lifestyle business, your desired tax treatment for the business, whether you intend to offer equity to employees and service providers, and so forth. However, in this blog we limit our discussion to adding our two cents to the ever-going debate of whether a new business should organize as a C-corporation (“C-Corp”) or an LLC. Our conclusion, to no ones’ surprise we hope, is there is no one-size-fits-all answer.

Arguably, one of the biggest drawbacks of a C-Corp is the potential for double taxation. A C-Corp is a separate taxpayer independent of its stockholders. The income earned by the C-Corp is first taxed at the entity level and then again in the hands of its stockholders when the net income is distributed to them as dividends[1]. For the same reason, distributing cash to the owners on an ongoing basis is difficult to accomplish with a C-Corp (though by no means impossible). Also, to avail the protection from personal liability that C-Corp affords its owners (and to avoid the piercing of the so called “corporate veil”), it is important that a corporation complies with all corporate formalities stringently. LLCs (which also shields its owners from personal liability) offer much more flexibility in matters of corporate governance. Also, statutorily mandated fiduciary duties of the board of directors of a corporation cannot be eliminated by the corporation’s owners via a private agreement, whereas the members of an LLC have much flexibility to reduce (or altogether eliminate in some states) a manger’s (or managing member’s) fiduciary duties to the LLC and its non-managing members through the LLC’s operating agreement.

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AdobeStock_594857662-300x200We often see business owners ignore corporate formalities after incorporating their businesses. They labor under the misconception that forming a corporation[i], provides them with a full-proof shield from personal liability, despite how they conduct corporate affairs post incorporation. Many are not aware of the doctrines of “piecing the corporate veil” or “alter ego”. In this blogpost, we discuss briefly why corporate formalities are important to follow— owners of incorporated businesses must follow corporate formalities to ensure protection from personal liability.

Why corporate formalities are important to follow? The short answer is because following corporate formalities ensures the separateness of identity between the corporation and its owners is maintained. This is essential to ensure personal liability protection for the owners. Under the corporate statutes of all jurisdictions, after a corporation is formed it is treated as a separate “person” distinct from the owners holding interests in it.  This separateness of legal identity shields the corporation’s shareholders, officers, and directors, from personal liability from the debts and obligations of the business. However, the important caveat is this protection is available only if steps are continuously taken through observing of corporate formalities to maintain the separateness of the corporate entity from its owners.  If owners do not observe corporate formalities and run their business like a sole proprietorship (or partnership in case of more than one owner) and if a creditor or an obligee of the business sues to hold the owners personally liable, a court will likely disregard the corporate shield to hold the owners personally liable. This is the so called “piercing the corporate veil”—a doctrine under which the courts can disregard the corporate entity and hold its owners personally liable for the corporation’s debts and obligations. In California this is done under the “Alter Ego” doctrine. Under this, a court will hold business owners of a corporation personally liable if it finds (a) a unity of interest and ownership between the corporation and its owners (that is these owners have treated the corporation as their “alter ego” rather than as a separate entity); and  (b)  it will be an inequitable result if these acts are treated as those of the corporation alone and failing to hold shareholders accountable would sanction a fraud or promote injustice.  Burden of establishing alter ego liability is on the plaintiff creditor.  Therefore, mere incorporation of a business will not shield its owners from personal liability if they have failed to follow corporate formalities post-incorporation.

So, what are considered corporate formalities? Some of the many examples of corporate formalities that must be observed to ensure owners are shielded from personal liability are:

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AdobeStock_1070496539-300x200Benefit Corporation and Social Purpose Corporation—alternatives to forming a purely “for profit” Business

What do you do when you want your business to incorporate positive social or environmental impact goals into its core objectives along with maximizing profits? In California, entrepreneurs who do not want to form a nonprofit but, nevertheless, want to structure their business to take into account a social purpose or a public benefit (and not focus only on maximizing profits for its shareholders) have the options of forming a public benefit corporation or a social purpose corporation. In a traditional corporation, directors and officers must prioritize shareholders’ interests above all else or risk being in breach of their fiduciary duties to them. In these alternative forms, the business must consider the interests of other stakeholders and not just its shareholders in making corporate decisions. Note, however, that, unlike nonprofits, neither benefit corporations nor social purpose corporations get special tax treatment. In many respects they are identical to a traditional corporation. Some of the main feature of these alternatives to a traditional corporation are briefly discussed below.

Benefit Corporation: One alternative to a traditional purely for-profit corporation in California is a benefit corporation. Under this structure, the corporation may pursue public benefit goals along with the traditional goal of maximizing profits for its owners. Benefit corporations are creatures of statute in California and are organized under the General Corporation Law of California. The articles of a benefit corporation must state “this corporation is a benefit corporation”. The articles may also identify one or more specific public benefit purpose(s) which may include:

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AdobeStock_164449269-300x2001. Some corporations undertake extreme Corporate Social Responsibility (“CSR”) initiatives, such as pledging to donate a significant portion of their profits to social causes or implementing radical environmental sustainability measures. While these practices can enhance a business’s  reputation, they are not always without legal and financial risks.

Legal Implications:

  • Fiduciary Duty: Companies must balance their CSR goals with their fiduciary duties to shareholders. Excessive spending on CSR initiatives could lead to legal challenges if shareholders believe it adversely affects their returns.
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AdobeStock_883988613-300x200In the construction and property improvement industry, payment disputes frequently arise, creating significant financial stress for contractors, subcontractors, and suppliers. Understanding your rights and the available remedies is essential for navigating these disputes effectively. This blog will explore one of the most powerful tools available to those in the construction industry: mechanic’s liens, along with other remedies to resolve payment disputes.

What is a Mechanic’s Lien?

A mechanic’s lien is a legal claim against a property that has been improved or repaired. It gives contractors, subcontractors, and suppliers the right to seek payment for the work they have performed or materials they have provided. By filing a mechanic’s lien, the lienholder can secure their interest in the property, which can ultimately lead to payment through the sale of the property if necessary.

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AdobeStock_857536293-300x168Corporations, those big players in today’s global economy, have come a long way since their early days in ancient Rome. Let’s take a look at how these entities evolved over time and what that means for the future of business.

Ancient Beginnings

It all started in ancient Rome, where early forms of business entities began to take shape. The Roman legal system laid the groundwork for what would eventually become modern corporations. Back then, these entities were more like collaborative partnerships, with limited liability for the partners—a far cry from the multinational giants we see today.

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AdobeStock_777848814-300x168The world of corporate law might seem dry to some, but television shows and movies have a way of bringing it to life with drama, intrigue, and high stakes. While these portrayals are meant to entertain, they also offer valuable insights into the complexities of corporate governance, mergers and acquisitions, intellectual property, and employment law. Let’s take a look at some of the lessons we can learn from how corporate law is depicted in pop culture.

Mergers and Acquisitions: More Than Just Business

If you’ve ever watched Succession, you’ve seen how the show dramatizes the intricacies of mergers and acquisitions (M&A). Hostile takeovers, shareholder activism, and the challenges of merging different corporate cultures are all part of the storyline. While these elements are heightened for dramatic effect, they mirror the real-world challenges of M&A. Businesses involved in these deals must navigate complex legal frameworks, manage stakeholder interests, and integrate operations—all while striving to remain profitable. The show highlights the critical importance of strategic planning and legal due diligence, reminding us that any misstep can lead to catastrophic consequences.

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AdobeStock_503316415-300x200If you have established, or are thinking about forming, a corporation in California, then you’ll need to create a set of corporate bylaws. This may sound like an unnecessary formality – especially if you are a start-up with just a handful of shareholders and employees. However, no matter the size of your corporation, bylaws are a necessity that can help protect you and your business. The experienced Los Angeles corporations lawyers at Structure Law Group can assist you in preparing corporate bylaws that will help keep your business on the right legal path.

The Purpose of Bylaws

Corporate bylaws serve as the governing rules for managing a corporation. A corporation’s board of directors is responsible for adopting, revising, and repealing bylaws. While the bylaws don’t need to cover every minute detail of the corporation’s day-to-day operations, they should provide a fundamental “roadmap” for how the business will be conducted.

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AdobeStock_505784791_Editorial_Use_Only-300x200Although platforms like Slack and Teams have become indispensable tools for modern collaboration, their widespread adoption raises crucial legal and compliance challenges for organizations. These platforms store a vast amount of user data, including messages, files and even employee metadata. They are subject to stringent data privacy regulations like the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR) and the California Consumer Privacy Act (CCPA). The GDPR has stricter regulations for EU citizen data privacy, demands explicit opt-in consent and grants extensive data subject rights like access and erasure. On the other hand, the CCPA, which is focused more on California residents, prioritizes data transparency and consumer control through access, deletion and opt-out mechanisms for data sales. Yet/overall, both regulations emphasize the importance of user empowerment regarding their data, requiring organizations to implement robust data protection measures and obtain informed consent for data storage and usage.

While conversation platforms offer significant collaboration benefits, their use necessitates navigating data privacy and compliance complexities. As such, organizations must prioritize user rights by:

  • Informed User Consent: Organizations must obtain explicit user agreement for data storage and usage. This involves clearly outlining the types of personal data collected, the purpose of collection, and how the data will be used in accordance with data privacy regulations.
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AdobeStock_558703638-300x169When it comes to forming a new startup, a California limited liability company (LLC) offers a number of advantages. As the name suggests, an LLC protects the personal assets of individual members from business creditors. And since the LLC is a “pass through” entity, any profits are taxed on the returns of individual members.

But while this arrangement may be ideal for founder-run startups with just a few equity holders, once the business seeks financing from venture capital or other investors, it is often necessary to convert to a corporation. More precisely, a California LLC may need to convert to a Delaware Corporation. The California corporations attorneys at Structure Law Group can advise you on the benefits and drawbacks of making this move. Contact us today to schedule an initial consultation.

When Is a Conversion Necessary?

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